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<title>UTas ePrints - Exploitation and trade of Australian seahorses, pipehorses, sea dragons and pipefishes (Family Syngnathidae)</title>
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<meta content="Martin-Smith, Keith M." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Vincent, Amanda C.J." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Keith.MartinSmith@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta content="a.vincent@fisheries.ubc.ca" name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta content="article" name="eprints.type" />
<meta content="2007-09-27" name="eprints.datestamp" />
<meta content="2008-01-08 15:30:00" name="eprints.lastmod" />
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<meta content="Exploitation and trade of Australian seahorses, pipehorses,
sea dragons and pipefishes (Family Syngnathidae)" name="eprints.title" />
<meta content="pub" name="eprints.ispublished" />
<meta content="300700" name="eprints.subjects" />
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<meta content="Aquaculture, aquarium, bycatch, exports,
imports, pipefish, pipehorse, sea dragon, Syngnathidae,
traditional medicine" name="eprints.keywords" />
<meta content="The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com" name="eprints.note" />
<meta content="Seahorses and their syngnathid relatives have
provided a focus for efforts to ensure sustainable use of
marine resources, with new international trade controls
(CITES Appendix II) implemented in May 2004. We demonstrate
how a study of international trade can be used to
assess relative levels of threat and set domestic research
and conservation priorities. Australia has remarkably
high syngnathid biodiversity with at least 14 seahorse
species, two endemic sea dragon species, and 90 species
of pipefishes and pipehorses found in its territorial
waters. Our objectives were to quantify species, trade
routes, volumes, values and temporal trends in syngnathid
trade to and from Australia. We found that Australia
is probably the major global supplier of dried pipehorses
Solegnathus spp.. These fishes, including at least one
endemic species, are sourced from trawl bycatch and
comprise Australia's largest syngnathid export, by
both volume and value. Research is urgently needed
to evaluate the impacts and sustainability of trawling
on pipehorse populations. Australia is also the sole
supplier of two sea dragon species, Phycodurus eques
and Phyllopteryx taeniolatus, for the live aquarium trade.
Although lucrative, the number of wild-caught individuals
involved in this trade was relatively low and
probably of low conservation risk relative to habitat
loss. Exports of seahorses and other pipefish species, and
imports of all syngnathid species, are minor on a global
scale, although the burgeoning aquaculture industry for
seahorses requires careful evaluation for its potential
impacts on wild populations." name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="2006-04" name="eprints.date" />
<meta content="published" name="eprints.date_type" />
<meta content="Oryx" name="eprints.publication" />
<meta content="40" name="eprints.volume" />
<meta content="2" name="eprints.number" />
<meta content="141-151" name="eprints.pagerange" />
<meta content="10.1017/S003060530600010X" name="eprints.id_number" />
<meta content="UNSPECIFIED" name="eprints.thesis_type" />
<meta content="TRUE" name="eprints.refereed" />
<meta content="0030-6053" name="eprints.issn" />
<meta content="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S003060530600010X" name="eprints.official_url" />
<meta content="Adams, M.B., Powell, M.D. & Purser, G.J. (2001) Effect of acute
and chronic ammonia and nitrite exposure on oxygen
consumption and growth of juvenile big bellied seahorse.
Journal of Fish Biology, 58, 848-860.
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State of the Environment 2001. Independent Report to the
Commonwealth Minister for the Environment and Heritage.
CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Department of the
Environment and Heritage, Canberra, Australia.
Caton, A.E. (ed.) (2003) Fishery Status Reports 2002-2003:
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Australian Government. Bureau of Rural Sciences,
Canberra, Australia.
Commonwealth of Australia (1998) Australia's Oceans Policy.
Environment Australia, Canberra, Australia.
Connolly, R.M., Cronin, E.R. & Thomas, B.E. (2001) Trawl
Bycatch of Syngnathids in Queensland: Catch Rates, Distribution
and Population Biology of Solegnathus Pipehorses (Seadragons).
Fisheries Research and Development Corporation Report
1999/124, Canberra, Australia.
Dawson, C.E. (1985) Indo-Pacific Pipefishes (Red Sea to the
Americas). The Gulf Coast Research Laboratory,
Ocean City, USA.
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[accessed 3 November 2005].
Foster, S.J. & Vincent, A.C.J. (2004) Life history and ecology of
seahorses: implications for conservation and management.
Journal of Fish Biology, 65, 1-61.
Gascoigne, J. & Lipcius, R.N. (2004) Allee effects in marine
systems. Marine Ecology - Progress Series, 269, 49-59.
Giles, B.G., Truong Si Ky, Do Huu Hoang & Vincent, A.C.J.
(2005) The catch and trade of seahorses in Vietnam.
Biodiversity and Conservation. Biological Conservation,
in press.
Hall, M.A., Alverson, D.L. & Metuzals, K.I. (2000) By-catch:
problems and solutions. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 41,
204-219.
IMCRA (Interim Marine and Coastal Regionalisation for
Australia Technical Group) (1998) Interim Marine and Coastal
Regionalisation for Australia: An Ecosystem-based Classification
for Marine and Coastal Environments. Version 3.3. Environment
Australia, Commonwealth Department of the Environment,
Canberra, Australia.
IUCN (1994) 1994 Categories and Criteria (version 2.3). IUCN,
Gland, Switzerland [http://www.redlist.org/info/
categories_criteria1994.html, accessed 3 November 2005].
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Gland, Switzerland [http://www.redlist.org/info/
categories_criteria2001.html, accessed 3 November 2005].
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Switzerland [http://www.redlist.org, accessed 21 June
2004].
Johnson, J.W. (1999) Annotated checklist of the fishes of
Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the
Queensland Museum, 43, 709-762.
Kendrick, A.J. & Hyndes, G.A. (2003) Patterns in the
abundance and size-distribution of syngnathid fishes among
habitats in a seagrass-dominated marine environment.
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 56, 1-10.
Kuiter, R.H. (2000) Seahorses, Pipefishes & Their Relatives. A
Guide to the Syngnathiformes. T.M.C. Publishing, London, UK.
Kuiter, R.H. (2003) A new pygmy seahorse (Pisces:
Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from Lord Howe Island.
Records of the Australian Museum, 55, 113-116.
Lourie, S.A., Vincent, A.C.J. & Hall, H.J. (1999) Seahorses: An
Identification Guide to the World's Species and their Conservation.
Project Seahorse, London, UK.
Martin-Smith, K.M. & Vincent, A.C.J. (2005) Seahorse declines
in the Derwent estuary, Tasmania in the absence of fishing
pressure. Biological Conservation, 123, 533-545.
May, B. & Tomoda, T. (2002) Seahorses in the Ben cao gang
mu and in contemporary Chinese medicine. Journal of the
Australian Chinese Medicine Education & Research Council,
Ltd., March 2002, 2-12.
Payne, M.F. & Rippingale, R.J. (2000) Rearing West Australian
seahorse, Hippocampus subelongatus, juveniles on copepod
nauplii and enriched Artemia. Aquaculture, 188, 353-361.
Payne, M.F., Rippingale, R.J. & Longmore, R.B. (1998) Growth
and survival of juvenile pipefish (Stigmatopora argus) fed live
copepods with high and low HUFA content. Aquaculture,
167, 237-245.
Pogonoski, J.J., Pollard, D.A. & Paxton, J.R. (2002) Conservation
Overview and Action Plan for Threatened and Potentially
Threatened Marine and Estuarine Fishes. Environment
Australia, Department of Environment and Heritage,
Canberra, Australia.
Steffe, A.S., Westoby, M. & Bell, J.D. (1989) Habitat selection
and diet in two species of pipefish from seagrass: sex
differences. Marine Ecology - Progress Series, 55, 23-30.
Stobutzki, I.C., Miller, M.J., Jones, P. & Salini, J.P. (2001)
Bycatch diversity and variability in a tropical penaeid
fishery: the implications for monitoring. Fisheries Research,
53, 283-301.
Takahashi, E., Connolly, R.C. & Lee, S.Y. (2003) Growth and
reproduction of double-ended pipefish, Syngnathoides
biaculeatus, in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia.
Environmental Biology of Fishes, 67, 23-33.
Vincent, A.C.J. (1996) The International Trade in Seahorses.
TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK." name="eprints.referencetext" />
<meta content="Martin-Smith, Keith M. and Vincent, Amanda C.J. (2006) Exploitation and trade of Australian seahorses, pipehorses, sea dragons and pipefishes (Family Syngnathidae). Oryx, 40 (2). pp. 141-151. ISSN 0030-6053" name="eprints.citation" />
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sea dragons and pipefishes (Family Syngnathidae)" name="DC.title" />
<meta content="Martin-Smith, Keith M." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Vincent, Amanda C.J." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="300700 Fisheries Sciences" name="DC.subject" />
<meta content="Seahorses and their syngnathid relatives have
provided a focus for efforts to ensure sustainable use of
marine resources, with new international trade controls
(CITES Appendix II) implemented in May 2004. We demonstrate
how a study of international trade can be used to
assess relative levels of threat and set domestic research
and conservation priorities. Australia has remarkably
high syngnathid biodiversity with at least 14 seahorse
species, two endemic sea dragon species, and 90 species
of pipefishes and pipehorses found in its territorial
waters. Our objectives were to quantify species, trade
routes, volumes, values and temporal trends in syngnathid
trade to and from Australia. We found that Australia
is probably the major global supplier of dried pipehorses
Solegnathus spp.. These fishes, including at least one
endemic species, are sourced from trawl bycatch and
comprise Australia's largest syngnathid export, by
both volume and value. Research is urgently needed
to evaluate the impacts and sustainability of trawling
on pipehorse populations. Australia is also the sole
supplier of two sea dragon species, Phycodurus eques
and Phyllopteryx taeniolatus, for the live aquarium trade.
Although lucrative, the number of wild-caught individuals
involved in this trade was relatively low and
probably of low conservation risk relative to habitat
loss. Exports of seahorses and other pipefish species, and
imports of all syngnathid species, are minor on a global
scale, although the burgeoning aquaculture industry for
seahorses requires careful evaluation for its potential
impacts on wild populations." name="DC.description" />
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<h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Exploitation and trade of Australian seahorses, pipehorses, sea dragons and pipefishes (Family Syngnathidae)</h1>
<p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">Martin-Smith, Keith M.</span> and <span class="person_name">Vincent, Amanda C.J.</span> (2006) <xhtml:em>Exploitation and trade of Australian seahorses, pipehorses, sea dragons and pipefishes (Family Syngnathidae).</xhtml:em> Oryx, 40 (2). pp. 141-151. ISSN 0030-6053</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/879/1/Martin-Smith_%26_Vincent_2006.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/879/1/Martin-Smith_%26_Vincent_2006.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />232Kb</td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S003060530600010X">http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S003060530600010X</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">Seahorses and their syngnathid relatives have
provided a focus for efforts to ensure sustainable use of
marine resources, with new international trade controls
(CITES Appendix II) implemented in May 2004. We demonstrate
how a study of international trade can be used to
assess relative levels of threat and set domestic research
and conservation priorities. Australia has remarkably
high syngnathid biodiversity with at least 14 seahorse
species, two endemic sea dragon species, and 90 species
of pipefishes and pipehorses found in its territorial
waters. Our objectives were to quantify species, trade
routes, volumes, values and temporal trends in syngnathid
trade to and from Australia. We found that Australia
is probably the major global supplier of dried pipehorses
Solegnathus spp.. These fishes, including at least one
endemic species, are sourced from trawl bycatch and
comprise Australia's largest syngnathid export, by
both volume and value. Research is urgently needed
to evaluate the impacts and sustainability of trawling
on pipehorse populations. Australia is also the sole
supplier of two sea dragon species, Phycodurus eques
and Phyllopteryx taeniolatus, for the live aquarium trade.
Although lucrative, the number of wild-caught individuals
involved in this trade was relatively low and
probably of low conservation risk relative to habitat
loss. Exports of seahorses and other pipefish species, and
imports of all syngnathid species, are minor on a global
scale, although the burgeoning aquaculture industry for
seahorses requires careful evaluation for its potential
impacts on wild populations.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Additional Information:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Aquaculture, aquarium, bycatch, exports,
imports, pipefish, pipehorse, sea dragon, Syngnathidae,
traditional medicine</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/300700.html">300000 Agricultural, Veterinary and Environmental Sciences > 300700 Fisheries Sciences</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">879</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Dr Keith Martin-Smith</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">27 Sep 2007</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">09 Jan 2008 02:30</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=879;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&eprintid=879">item control page</a></p>
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